Track Grades: Prototypical vs. Toy Train
Some builders of prototypical model railroads will ridicule any grade steeper than 2%. And perhaps not without justification.
In real-life railroading there are three classes of grades; 0.8% to 1% is "light grade", 1% to 1.8% is "heavy grade", and anything greater than 1.8% is "mountain grade".
So perhaps it's not unreasonable to look at layouts with grades greater than 2% and call them "toy train" layouts.
But that doesn't make it courteous... or kind.
Maximum grade is frequently dictated by available layout space. Don't let the implied requirement that if one is building a small layout it should be flat.
We take a mountain grade railroad over a flat oval or figure eight any day!
Maximum Track Grade and Train Issues
So just what is the maximum grade you can use?
Maximum grade is a function of three factors: the power of your locomotives, the weight of your locomotives, and the number and weight of the cars in your trains.
That the locomotive's power is a factor is common sense; a weak locomotive won't pull many cars up a grade.
But how the weight of the locomotive's affects maximum grade isn't quite so obvious.
The greater the weight, the greater the traction.
This means wheels on lighter locomotives may slip where heavier locomotives can climb a grade.
So larger scale locomotives may handle steep grades better than smaller scales.
Good scale locomotives can pull around 15 cars up a 4% grade.
But to some modelers 15 cars is too short a train